The muscles that are injected with Botox are unable to contract which results in relaxed muscles and fewer wrinkles. When used as an anti-aging cosmetic treatment the procedure takes just a few minutes and requires no anesthetics.
Botox is injected through a fine needle into specific muscles and there is typically only minor discomfort during the procedure. It can take up to a week for the muscles to fully respond to the treatment. The effects generally last between four and six months. Over time the botox treatment loses effectiveness, the muscles begin to respond, and wrinkles start to reappear. Food and Drug Administration.
Accessed February 20 Medication guide: Dysport abobotulinumtoxin A. Derksen DJ. Philadeplhia, Pa. Severe respiratory failure after injection of botulinum toxin: case report and review of the literature [in Chinese]. Severe botulism after focal injection of botulinum toxin.
Botulism in 4 adults following cosmetic injections with an unlicensed, highly concentrated botulinum preparation. This content is owned by the AAFP. A person viewing it online may make one printout of the material and may use that printout only for his or her personal, non-commercial reference.
This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. Contact afpserv aafp. Want to use this article elsewhere? Get Permissions.
Read the Issue. Sign Up Now. Next: Purpura and Cough. Aug 1, Issue. Botulinum Toxin Injection for Facial Wrinkles. Related editorial: Cosmetic Procedures in Family Medicine Patient information : See related handout on cosmetic botulinum toxin injection , written by the author of this article. A 9 , 12 , 13 , 20 , 21 Botulinum toxin serotype A is safe and effective for reduction of crow's feet. A 12 , 21 , 24 , 25 In preparation for botulinum toxin treatment, patients should be advised to discontinue aspirin and any medication or dietary supplements associated with bruising for two weeks before treatment.
Enlarge Print Figure 1. Musculature of the face. Figure 1. Enlarge Print Figure 2. Wrinkles of the face associated muscle.
Figure 2. Enlarge Print Figure 3. Functional anatomy of the face. Figure 3. Enlarge Print Figure 4. Figure 4. Enlarge Print Figure 5. Figure 5. Enlarge Print Table 1. Contraindications to Botulinum Toxin Injection Body dysmorphic disorder Dependency on facial expression for livelihood e. Table 1. Enlarge Print Table 2. Table 2. Enlarge Print Figure 6. Botulinum toxin injection into a contracted glabellar complex muscle.
Figure 6. Enlarge Print Figure 7. Figure 7. Enlarge Print Table 3. Complications with Botulinum Toxin Injection Injection reactions Anxiety or vasovagal episode Ecchymosis Erythema, edema, and tenderness Headache Infection Pain Paresthesia or dysesthesia Undesired botulinum toxin effects Allergic reaction Antibodies against botulinum toxin Blepharoptosis Distant spread from the injection site Eyebrow ptosis Facial asymmetry Medication interactions Undesired eyebrow shape or unsatisfactory result Information from references 30 through Table 3.
Enlarge Print Figure 8. Figure 8. Read the full article. Get immediate access, anytime, anywhere. Choose a single article, issue, or full-access subscription.
Earn up to 6 CME credits per issue. Purchase Access: See My Options close. Best Value! To see the full article, log in or purchase access. Author disclosure: No relevant financial affiliations. More in Pubmed Citation Related Articles. Email Alerts Don't miss a single issue. Sign up for the free AFP email table of contents. Navigate this Article.
Botulinum toxin serotype A is safe and effective for reduction of frown lines. The effects of Botox can last about three to six months depending on the condition. The use of Botox for migraines was, like many other new applications for the drug, a kind of happy accident. A Beverly Hills plastic surgeon observed that people who got Botox for wrinkles were reporting fewer headaches, paving the way for studies about migraines.
Similarly, doctors in Europe were intrigued when they noticed that their patients who got Botox for facial spasms were sweating less than usual. Though people often associate pharmaceutical discovery with giant industrial laboratories and expansive, rigorous clinical trials, the mission creep for Botox—as with many other drugs that have received government approval for one specific use—has been driven by off-label use.
Linda Brubaker, dean and chief diversity officer of the Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, who independently studied Botox for overactive bladder before the FDA approved it for that condition in That rep may share that with another of his clients, and so on.
The company acknowledged that its marketing of Botox led to off-label uses of the drug. With Botox, this includes effects spreading from the injection site to other parts of the body, causing muscle weakness, double vision and drooping eyelids.
Ray Chester, an attorney in Austin who has represented several plaintiffs in lawsuits against Allergan, says that just about all the cases he has handled involved off-label use of the drug. Allergan, which initially planned to appeal, ended up privately settling the case with the family, and the terms of the settlement have been kept confidential. Though the off-label use of drugs makes many experts—including some at the FDA—uncomfortable, the practice is de rigueur in medicine.
Now Allergan hopes to replicate the findings on a larger scale, and the company is currently running its own Phase 2 clinical trial. In some cases, how Botox works is evident: the toxin can block the signals between nerves and muscles, which is why it can help calm an overactive bladder, say, or a twitching eye, or the facial muscles that make wrinkles more apparent. In other cases, however with migraines as well as with depression , scientists are flummoxed.
But it could be something else altogether. He also injected Botox into one side of the brain in mice and found that it spread to the opposite side. That suggested the toxin could access the nervous system and the brain. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Create your free account or Sign in to continue.
See Subscription Options. Go Paperless with Digital. The research is time-consuming. Get smart. Sign up for our email newsletter. Sign Up. Read More Previous. Support science journalism.
0コメント